Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Poly Herbal Extracts against Bacterial Pathogens Causing Gastroenteritis in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya
South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, Volume 15, Issue 2,
Page 26-40
DOI:
10.9734/sajrm/2023/v15i2284
Abstract
Herbals have been used for decades to treat gastrointestinal infections across the world, including in Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya. Crude extracts from herbs have long been prescribed by traditional healers for treatment of typhoid, cholera, and shigellosis. However, the effectiveness of extracts obtained using different extraction solvents such as methanol, acetone, and hexane have not fully been evaluated. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of solvents (Ethanol, hexane, and methanol) on the yield of crude extract from plants (Erythrinna abyssinica, Aspilia pluriseta, Vangueria infausta, Ficus sycomorus, and Carissa edulis), assessing the effect of the solvents on extracted active metabolites, and determining the effect of these solvents on extract’s bioactivity against Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimuriumi and, Escherichia coli that served as a model organism for screening plant extracts against Gram-negative bacteria. Crude extracts were obtained by soaking dried ground plant parts in individual solvents, which were then concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The phytochemical screening to detect plant metabolites was done qualitatively. Bioassays to analyze the efficacy of the plant crude extracts against the microbes were carried out in 4×3×3×5 factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design. The determination of bioactivity of herbal extracts was carried out using minimal inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods. Data obtained on the bioactivity assay (Count of the bacteria colony forming units) was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at α = 0.05, and medians were compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test in Scientific Analysis System version 9.4. Methanol solvent produced higher quantities of crude extracts for all the herbal samples used with, Vangueria infausta producing the highest extract (5.06g). Most phytochemicals were present in Methanolic extracts compared to hexane and acetone extracts. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in the bioactivity of different herbal plants against bacterial pathogens at different concentrations of crude extract. The efficacy of plant extract increased progressively from 100ppm to 1000ppm concentration. Methanol is recommended for use in the extraction of medicinal plant extracts as it leads to improved potency as compared to hexane and acetone.
- Herbal-plants
- antimicrobial-activity
- cholera
- typhoid
- shigellosis
- Tharaka-Nithi County
How to Cite
References
Degu A, Njogu P, Weru I, Karimi P. "Assessment of drug therapy problems among patients with cervical cancer at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya." Gynecologic Oncology Research and Practice. 2017;4(1):15.
Alhedethe A, Alhudaithy K, Zloh A. "An evaluation of prevalence of low quality of medicines in Saudi Arabia and factors associated an analytical comparative study." Archives in Chemical Research. 2017;2(1):1-18.
UN, "Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development," New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2015.
Khuluza F, Kigera S, Heide L. "Low prevalence of substandard and falsified antimalarial and antibiotic medicines in public and faith-based health facilities of Southern Malawi." The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2017;96(5):1125 - 1135.
WHO, "Prioritization of pathogens to guide discovery, research and development of new antibiotics for drug-resistant bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (No. WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12)," World Health Organization; 2017.
Nunes C, Arantes M, Pereira S, Cruz L, Passos M, Moraes L. "Plants as sources of anti-inflammatory agents." Molecules. 2020;25(16):3726.
Mir MA, Bashir N, Alfaify A, Oteef MD. "GC-MS analysis of myrtus communis extract and its antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria." BioMed Central. Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2020;20(1):1-9.
Uwineza PA, Waśkiewicz A. "Recent advances in supercritical fluid extraction of natural bioactive compounds from natural plant materials." Molecules. 2020; 25(17):3847.
Sampedro J, Valdivia ER. "New antimicrobial agents of plant origin." In Antimicrobial Compounds: Current Strategies and New Alternatives, Villa TG and Veiga-Crespo P, Eds., Heidelberg, Germany, Springer-Verlag. 2014:83-114.
Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. "Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts." Plants. 2017;6(4):42.
Mbuni YM, Wang S, Mwangi BN, Mbari NJ, Musili PM, Walter NO, Wang Q. "Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in local communities around Cherangani Hills, Western Kenya." Plants. 2020;9(3):331.
Cheruiyot KR, Olila D, Kateregga J. "In-vitro antibacterial activity of selected medicinal plants from Longisa region of Bomet district, Kenya." African Health Sciences. 2009;9(2):42-46.
Muthee JK, Gakuya DW, Mbaria JM, Kareru PG, Mulei CM, Njonge FK. "Ethnobotanical study of anthelmintic and other medicinal plants traditionally used in Loitoktok district of Kenya." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;135(1):15.
Gakuya DW, Itonga SM, Mbaria JM, Muthee JK, Musau JK. "Ethnobotanical survey of biopesticides and other medicinal plants traditionally used in Meru central district of Kenya." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;145(2):547-553.
Gakuya DW, Okumu MO, Kiama SG, Mbaria JM, Gathumbi PK, Mathiu PM, Nguta JM. "Traditional medicine in Kenya: Past and current status, challenges, and the way forward." Scientific African. 2020;8:360-367.
Wakeel A, Jan SA, Ullah I, Shinwari ZK, Ming X. "Solvent polarity mediates phytochemical yield and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria." PeerJournal. 2019;7:7857-7879.
Rafińska K, Pomastowski P, Rudnicka J, Krakowska A, Maruśka A, Narkute M, Buszewski B. "Effect of solvent and extraction technique on composition and biological activity of Lepidium sativum extracts." Food Chemistry. 2019;289:16–25.
Zhang H, Birch J, Pei J, Mohamed I, Ahmed A, Yang H, Dias G, Bekhit AED. "Identification of six phytochemical compounds from Asparagus officinalis L. root cultivars from New Zealand and China using UAE-SPE-UPLC-MS/MS: Effects of extracts on H2O2-induced oxidative stress." Nutrients. 2019;11(1):107.
Sikder L, Khan M, Smrity SZ, Islam MT, Khan SA. "Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of the ethanol extract of Byttneria pilosa roxb." Clinical Phytoscience. 2022;8(1):1-8.
Hikmawanti NPE, Fatmawati S, Asri AW. "The effect of ethanol concentrations as the extraction solvent on antioxidant activity of katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) leaves extracts." In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; 2021.
Sankeshwari R, Ankola A, Bhat K, Hullatti K. "Soxhlet versus cold maceration: Which method gives better antimicrobial activity to licorice extract against Streptococcus mutans?" Journal of the Scientific Society. 2018;45(2):67.
Abarca-Vargas R, Malacara CFP, Petricevich VL. "Characterization of chemical compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in bougainvillea x buttiana holttum and standl, (var. rose) extracts." Antioxidants. 2016;5(45):1– 11.
Pandey B, Thapa R, Upreti A. "Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris and Gaultheria fragrantissima collected from Nepal." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2017;10(10):952–9.
Shah MD, Seelan JSS, Iqbal M. "Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of methanol extract, methanol fractions and essential oil of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves." Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2020;13(9):7170-7182.
Isah Y, Ibrahim MP. "Analysis of phytocomponents in the n-hexane extract from the stem bark of Parinari polyandra (benth) using FTIR and GC-MS." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2021;14(2):15-19.
K. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, "Kenya Population and Housing Cencus: Population by County and Sub-County," Government of Kenya, Nairobi; 2019.
Kiteme MP. Onyango OB. Njagi CE, Ogolla OF. "Medicinal plants used for treatment of gastrointestinal infections in Tharaka-Nithi County." International Journal of Pathogen Research. 2022;10(4):1-11.
Ejikeme C, Ezeonu CS, Eboatu AN. "Determination of physical and phytochemical constituents of some tropical timbers indigenous to Niger Delta area of Nigeria." European Scientific Journal. 2014;10(18):247-270.
Hossain M, AL-Raqmi K, Al-Mijizy Z, Weli A, Al-Riyami Q. "Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2013;3(9):705-710.
Yadav RNS, Agarwala M. "Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants." Journal of Phytology. 2011;3(12):10-14.
Ghosh A. De S, Dey YN. "Phytochemical investigation and chromatographic evaluation of the different extracts of tuber of Amorphaphallus paeoniifolius (araceae)." International Journal on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research. 2010;1(5):150-1.
Kumar PP, Kumaravel S, Lalitha C. "Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo." African Journal of Biochemistry Research. 2010;4(7):191-195.
Konkolewicz D, Magenau AJ, Averick SE, Simakova A, He H, Matyjaszewski K. "ICAR ATRP with ppm Cu catalyst in water." Macromolecules. 2012;45(11):4461-4468.
Lalitha M. Manual on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Washington DC, USA: American Society for Microbiology; 2009.
Puttaswamy S, Gupta SK, Regunath H, Smith LP, Sengupta S. "A comprehensive review of the present and future Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) systems." Archives of Clinical Microbiology. 2018;9(3):83-92.
Andrews JM. "Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2001;48(1):5-16.
I. Wiegand, K. Hilpert and R. E. Hancock, "Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances," Nature Protocols, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 163-175, 2008.
R. Mogana, A. Adhikari, M. N. Tzar, R. Ramliza and C. Wiart, "Antibacterial activities of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from Canarium patentinervium Miq. against bacterial clinical isolates. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therap," BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2020.
P. Kuppusamy, M. M. Yusoff, N. R. Parine and N. Govindan, "Evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Commelina nudiflora L. extracts prepared by different polar solvents," Saudi journal of biological sciences, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 293-301, 2015.
N. Turkmen, F. Sari and Y. S. Velioglu, "Effects of extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and Folin–Ciocalteu methods," Food chemistry, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 835-841, 2006.
T. V. Ngo, C. J. Scarlett, M. C. Bowyer, P. D. Ngo and Q. V. Vuong, " Impact of different extraction solvents on bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity from the root of Salacia chinensis L," Journal of Food Quality, pp. 1-8, 2017.
Truong DH, Nguyen DH, Ta NTA, Bui AV, Do TH, Hoang CN. "Evaluation of the Use of Different Solvents for Phytochemical Constituents, Antioxidants, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Severinia buxifolia. Journal of Food Quality. 2019;2019.
Liu X, Dong M, Chen X, Jiang M, Lv X, Yan G. Antioxidant activity and phenolics of an endophytic Xylaria sp. from Ginkgo biloba. Food chemistry. 2007;105(2):548-54..
Kadir MF, Sayeed MS, Mia MM. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used by indigenous and tribal people in Rangamati, Bangladesh. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2012 Dec 18;144(3):627-37..
Mishra A, Kumar S, Bhargava A, Sharma B, Pandey AK. Studies on in vitro antioxidant and antistaphylococcal activities of some important medicinal plants. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2011 Feb 12;57(1):16-25.
Mishra A, Kumar S, Pandey AK. "Scientific validation of the medicinal efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia." The Scientific World Journal. 2013:1-8.
Nawaz H, Waheed R, Nawaz M. "Phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and medicinal significance of ficus." In Modern Fruit Industry, I. Kahramanoglu, A. Küden and S. Çömlekçioğlu, Eds. 2019:553-573.
Madivoli ES, Murigi MK, Patrick PG, Karanja GJ, Cheruiyot K, Rechab SO, Maina EG. "Phytochemical and antimicrobial evaluation of selected medicinal plants in Meru community of Kenya. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development. 2018;2(1):1-4.
Osama A, Awdelkarim S. "Phytochemical screening of Ficus sycomorus L. bark and Cleome gynandra L. aerial parts." Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2015;4(4):24-27.
Njerua SN, Muema JM. "Antimicrobial activity, phytochemical characterization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. Extracts." Heliyon. 2020; 6(10):5195-5165.
Musyimi DM, Ogur JA, Muema PM. "Effects of leaf and root extracts of aspilia plant (Aspilia mossambicensis) (Oliv) Wild. on some selected microorganisms," International Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2007;1(4):213-220.
Nzuki DM. "Utilization of herbal medicine among children under 5 years of age in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya." Doctoral Dissertation, Kenyatta University, Kenya; 2016.
Obakiro SB, Kiprop A, Kigondu E, K’Owino I, Odero MP, Manyim S, Bunalema L. "Traditional medicinal Uses, phytoconstituents, bioactivities, and toxicities of Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (fabaceae): A systematic review." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2021:1-43.
Manyarara TE, Chifamba J, Tarugarira FT. "Antifungal activity of Ziziphus mucronata and Erythrina abyssinica bark crude extracts on Cryptococcus neofomans and Candida albicans species." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 2016;10(3):1-11.
Desai SD, Desai DG, Kaur H. "Saponins and their biological activities." Pharma Times. 2009;41(3):13-16.
Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. "Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships." The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002;13(10):572-584.
Pandey AK, Mishra AK, Mishra A. "Antifungal and antioxidative potential of oil and extracts derived from leaves of Indian spice plant Cinnamomum tamala." Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2012;58(1):142-147.
Meng XH, Liu C, Fan R, Zhu LF, Yang SX, Zhu HT, Zhang YJ. "Antioxidative flavan-3-ol dimers from the leaves of Camellia fangchengensis." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. vol. 2018;66(1):247-254.
Kumar S, Pandey AK. "Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview." The Scientific World Journal. 2013:1-16.
Cazarolli LH, Zanatta L, Alberton EH, Bonorino Figueiredo MSR, Folador P, Damazio RG, Barreto Silva FRM. "Flavonoids: Prospective drug candidates. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry." 2008;8(13):1429-1440.
Singh R, Singh S, Kumar S, Arora S. "Evaluation of antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract/fractions of Acacia auriculiformis." Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007;45(7):1216-1223.
Han X, Shen T, Lou H. "Dietary polyphenols and their biological significance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2007;8(9):950-988.
Ali SS, Kasoju N, Luthra A, Singh A, Sharanabasava H, Sahu A, Bora U. "Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants." Food Research International. 2008;41(1):1-15.
Canini A, Alesiani D, D’Arcangelo G, Tagliatesta P. "Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of phenolic compounds from Carica papaya L. leaf." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2007;20(7):584-590.
Epand RFSPB, Epand RM. "Bacterial lipid composition and the antimicrobial efficacy of cationic steroid compounds (ceragenins)." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes. 2007;1768 (10):2500-2509.
Kukula-Koch WA, Widelski J. "Alkaloids," in pharmacognosy, Badal S and Delgoda R, Eds., London, UK., Academic Press. 2017:163-198.
Ayoola GA, Coker HA, Adesegun SA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Obaweya K, Ezennia EC, Atangbayila TO. "Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2008;7(3):1019-1024.
Ahmad I, Mehmood Z, Mohammad F. "Screening of some Indian medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties." Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998;62:183-9.
Lu LWS, Liu S, Jiang B, Wu SG. "Tannin inhibits HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41." Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2004;52(2):213-218.
Funatogawa K, Hayashi S, Shimomura H, Yoshida T, Hatano T, Ito HHY. "Antibacterial activity of hydrolyzable tannins derived from medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori." Microbiology and Immunology. 2004;48(4):251-261.
Awuchi CG. "The biochemistry, toxicology, and Uses of the acologically active phytochemicals: Alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, and glycosides." Merit Research Journals. 2020;5(1):6-21.
Njoku VO, Obi C. "Phytochemical constituents of some selected medicinal plants." African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2009;3(11):228-233.
Korir K, Bii C, Kiiyukia C, Mutai C. "Antimicrobial activities of Clutia abyssinic and Erythrina abyssinica plants extracts used among the Kipsigis community of Bomet district in Kenya." Naural Products. 2011;7(5):247-252.
Njeru SN, Obonyo MA. "Potency of extracts of selected plant species from Mbeere, Embu County-Kenya against Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. vol. 2016;10(12):149-157.
Salem MZ, Salem AZ, Camacho LM, Ali HM. "Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical composition." African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2013;7(33):4207-4219.
Odunbaku O, Ilusanya O, Akasoro K. "Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Ficus exasperata on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus." Scientific Research and Essay. 2008;3(11):562-564.
Chilufya G, Masaiti G, Malambo C, Mudenda S. "Antibacterial properties of Ficus sycomorus bark extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli." International Journal of Biomedical Investigation. 2019;2(121):1-8.
Mostafa AA, Al-Askara AA, Almaary KS, Dawoud TM, Sholkamy EN, Bakric MM. "Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2018;25(2):361-366.
Alibi S, Dámaso C, Navas J. "Plant-derivatives small molecules with antibacterial activity." Antibiotics. 2021; 10(3):23-30.
Khameneh B, Iranshahy M, Soheili V, Bazzaz BS. "Review on plant antimicrobials: A mechanistic viewpoint." Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 2019;8(1):1-28.
Friedman M, Henika P, Levin C, Mandrell R. "Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004;52:6042-6048.
Tiwari B, Valdramidi V, O'Donnell C, Muthukumarappan K, Bourke P, Cullen P. "Application of natural antimicrobials for food preservation." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009;57:5987-6000.
Musa I, Manga SS, Muhammad A, Tondi ZY, Saadu M. "The In vitro antibacterial effects of ficus sycomorus stem bark extracts on Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli." BiblioMed. 2020;7(1): 108-113.
Li Y, Kong D, Fu Y, Sussman MR, Wu H. "The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants," Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 148, pp. 80-89, 2020.
Manimozhi D, Sankaranarayanan S, Sampathkumar G, "Evaluating the antibacterial activity of flavonoids extracted from ficus benghalensis." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2012;3(1).
Mudzengi C, Murwira A, Tivapasic M, Murungweni C, Burumue J, Halimani T. "Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of selected species used in livestock health management." Pharmaceutical Biology. 2017;55:1054-1060.
-
Abstract View: 44 times
PDF Download: 92 times